Łukasz Stanek is an architectural and urban historian and author of Architecture in Global Socialism.
If Iraqi architecture is known abroad today, it’s for Saddam Hussein’s grandiose palaces and monuments. But the master plan of Baghdad, developed amid the Cold War by a Polish state agency, was far from a centralized and authoritarian vision for the city.
In the era of decolonization, even nonsocialist states in Africa and Asia drew heavily on architects and planners from Eastern Bloc countries. Experts from the “Second World” adapted their work to local cultures and expectations — and often brought “Third World” lessons back with them.